Mineral Resources

Overview

Classification of rocks

Rocks are aggregates of minerals and the main material that makes up the Earth's crust. Although the appearance of rocks varies greatly, they can be divided into three categories based on their formation environment (i.e. genesis): ① Sedimentary rocks account for 66% of the surface and are the main rock types on the surface. Rocks that have already formed and become fragments after weathering, or rocks formed by the remains of living organisms, and then eroded, deposited, and petrified. These types of rocks are layered and were first deposited in the lower part, indicating an older age; The higher the level, the newer the era, which is called the stacked layer rule. When rocks are deposited, they often contain organisms that can be buried and preserved for a long time before turning into fossils; In igneous rocks, there are often no fossils present Magma is a fluid in which the temperature and pressure inside the Earth are high, and all constituent substances (referring to minerals) are in a molten state, called magma. Due to magma invading the interior of the Earth's crust or flowing out of the surface, lava is formed, which solidifies after cooling, such as basalt and granite. Magmatic rock is the most primitive rock among all rocks Metamorphic rocks, which are originally magmatic or sedimentary rocks, can be altered in structure or organization by the effects of high temperature, high pressure, and hydrothermal fluids caused by crustal movement or magma intrusion, or by the disappearance of some minerals and the production of new minerals, thus becoming another type of rock different from the original rock, called metamorphic rocks, such as marble transforming from limestone; Slate transformed from shale; Quartz rock transforms from sandstone, etc. Typical metamorphic rocks exist in pre Cambrian or orogenic belt regions, often with regional tectonic cleavage or mineral changes.

Mineral Resources

Mineral resources refer to natural accumulations that exist within or on the surface of the Earth's crust and are formed by geological processes in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, with real or potential economic significance. Its connotation is: firstly, mineral resources are formed through geological processes during the evolution of the Earth, and are naturally occurring primary accumulations on the surface or underground; Secondly, mineral resources include three forms: solid, liquid, and gaseous; Thirdly, mineral resources have economic utilization value, which includes both currently developed and economically valuable minerals, as well as resources that may be developed and economically valuable in the future. Mineral resources have special natural, social, and economic attributes. The "Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law" lists the detailed classification of mineral resources discovered in China, including 171 categories of energy minerals, metallic minerals, non-metallic minerals, and water and gas minerals.

Energy and Mineral Resources

Nine types of minerals including oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, geothermal energy, etc.

Metal minerals

Black metals, non-ferrous metals, precious metals, rare metals, and rare earth metal minerals. Among them: (1) Black metal minerals: 22 types of minerals including iron, manganese, chromium, titanium, vanadium, etc; (2) Nonferrous metal minerals: 13 types of minerals including copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, tin, etc; (3) Precious metal minerals: 8 types of minerals including gold, silver, platinum, etc; (4) Rare metal minerals: 8 types of minerals including lithium, beryllium, zirconium, and fine powder; (5) Rare earth metal minerals: 20 types of minerals including selenium, cadmium, etc

Non metallic minerals, chemical raw materials, and building materials are non-metallic minerals. Among them: (1) Chemical raw materials non-metallic minerals: 25 types of minerals such as sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, salt, boron, etc; (2) Non metallic minerals used as building materials: over 100 types of minerals such as diamond, graphite, asbestos, mica, cement, glass, and stone.

Water, gas, mineral resources

Six types of minerals, including groundwater, mineral water, and carbon dioxide gas.

Groundwater

Groundwater has two broad and narrow concepts. Broadly speaking, groundwater refers to water that exists in rock voids below the ground, including all water contained in voids in the unsaturated zone and saturated zone. Narrowly defined groundwater only refers to water that exists in the rock voids of saturated zones. According to the burial conditions of groundwater, it is divided into aquifer water, groundwater, and confined water; According to the pore properties of the aquifer, it is divided into pore water, fissure water, and karst water.

Groundwater resource quantity

The total amount of infiltration recharge received by the underground aquifer during a certain period, including precipitation, surface water bodies, lateral runoff, and artificial recharge.

Geothermal resources (abbreviated as geothermal)

Refers to the internal thermal energy resources of the Earth that can be developed and utilized for human economic development in the foreseeable future. Including geothermal fluids and their useful components.

Shallow geothermal energy

It refers to the thermal energy resources within a certain depth range below the Earth's surface (generally from a constant temperature zone to a burial depth of 200 meters), with a temperature below 25 ℃, and with development and utilization value under current technological and economic conditions. Shallow geothermal energy is a part of geothermal resources. Geothermal fields are classified into three levels: large, medium, and small (see table below). Scale classification of high-temperature geothermal fields and low-temperature geothermal fields Electric energy (MW) utilization reserves Calculation of Years, Thermal Energy (MW), Energy Utilization Reserves Calculation period (year) Large>50 30>50 100 Medium size 10~50 30 10~50 100 Small<10 30<10 100

Natural mineral water

Including drinking mineral water and medical mineral water. It is a valuable liquid mineral resource formed under specific geological conditions, distinguished from ordinary groundwater resources by the gas components, trace elements, and other salt components suitable for medical or drinking use contained in water. Classification of Mineral Water Exploration Scale

Mineral Water Scale Drinking Mineral Water Medical Mineral Water

Carbonated water, other types of water, carbonated water, other types of water Small<50<100<250<500 Medium size 50~500 100~1000 250~1500 500~5000 Large>500>1000>2500>5000 Note: The figures in the table are the allowable mining output, in m3/d. (Geological Exploration Specification for Natural Mineral Water)

Geological and mineral exploration

Geological exploration planning

Geological exploration planning is a specialized plan subordinate to the overall planning of mineral resources. Geological exploration planning is a guiding document for geological exploration work and an important basis for the legal approval and supervision of geological exploration activities. Thoroughly implementing the tasks and measures proposed in the plan can correctly guide the layout and structural adjustment of geological work. The basic and public welfare geological surveys and strategic mineral exploration activities arranged by the central and local governments must be deployed according to the plan, and commercial geological exploration activities must comply with the planning requirements.

Degree of geological exploration work

Geological exploration work is a broad concept that involves different fields and interprets, analyzes, and judges the natural laws of a certain thing from a geological professional perspective (such as engineering geology, hydrogeology, urban geology, agricultural geology, etc.). The general narrow definition of geological exploration work refers to the geological research work carried out on mineral resources. Mineral geological exploration is a risky and exploratory natural science research work. Therefore, its work follows the principle of "gradual progress", conducting research on the stratigraphy, structure, and magmatic rocks of the work area through different work methods and means, summarizing the geological evolution and the generation laws of mineral resources, and thus improving the understanding of mineral resources in the work area. Generally, mineral exploration work is divided into four stages from low to high. Namely: pre survey stage, census stage, detailed survey stage, and exploration stage. If the stage is low, the reliability of the identified mineral resources will be low, otherwise the reliability will be higher.

Geological exploration methods and means

Geological exploration work is a broad concept that involves different fields and interprets, analyzes, and judges the natural laws of a certain thing from a geological professional perspective (such as engineering geology, hydrogeology, urban geology, agricultural geology, etc.). The general narrow definition of geological exploration work refers to the geological research work carried out on mineral resources. Mineral geological exploration work is to understand and infer the possibility and spatial distribution of deep mineral resources through the study and analysis of some geological phenomena on the surface of the work area. Geological exploration work should be carried out with the help of effective methods and means. The usual methods for mineral geological exploration include: field surveys, topographic and geological surveys with different purposes and accuracies (scales), geophysical exploration with different purposes and accuracies (scales), geochemical exploration with different purposes and accuracies (scales), etc. According to the needs and relevant technical exploration standards, different technical work methods should be used, such as trench exploration engineering, shallow well engineering, pit exploration engineering (including along veins, through veins, vertical shafts, etc.), drilling engineering, combined with sample collection, sample processing, and testing analysis, to understand and interpret the distribution and occurrence of mineral resources, and estimate mineral resource reserves.

Geological exploration qualification

Geological exploration qualifications are divided into comprehensive geological exploration qualifications and professional geological exploration qualifications. Comprehensive geological exploration qualifications include regional geological survey qualifications, marine geological survey qualifications, petroleum and natural gas mineral exploration qualifications, liquid mineral exploration qualifications (excluding petroleum), gas mineral exploration qualifications (excluding natural gas), coal and other solid mineral exploration qualifications, as well as hydrogeological, engineering geological, and environmental geological survey qualifications. Professional geological exploration qualifications include geophysical exploration qualifications, geochemical exploration qualifications, aviation geological survey qualifications, remote sensing geological survey qualifications, geological drilling (pit) exploration qualifications, and geological experimental testing qualifications.

Mineral resource exploration

It is a geological research work conducted on mineral resources. Geological prospecting work. It is based on different levels of geological exploration work, and aims to identify mineral resources by selecting effective geological exploration methods and means.

Geological survey filing

Geological survey is the work of investigating and studying the geological conditions such as rocks, strata, structures, minerals, hydrogeology, and landforms in a certain area. Geological surveys include regional geological surveys, regional mineral surveys, regional geophysical surveys, regional geochemical surveys, aerial remote sensing geological surveys and regional hydrogeological surveys, regional engineering geological surveys, regional environmental geological surveys, marine geological surveys, etc. Those who need to carry out geological survey work shall register and file with the geological and mineral resources department of the provincial people's government before carrying out geological survey work, and obtain a geological survey certificate.

Mineral exploration situation and utilization analysis

Based on different geological exploration targets and levels of geological exploration work, through the implementation of scientific and effective geological exploration methods and means, and under existing economic and technological conditions, based on prescribed economic and technological indicators, the analysis, research, and conclusions drawn on the economic rationality of identifying the exploitable mineral resources. The mineral exploration situation and available analysis have the following three characteristics: firstly, reflecting the degree of mineral resource work in a region; Secondly, as economic and technological conditions change, the correlation between prescribed economic and technological indicators and market demand trends also changes accordingly; Thirdly, economic rationality is the most important indicator for measuring the results of analysis. The right to explore mineral resources and obtain the mined mineral products within the scope of the mining license obtained in accordance with the law.

Unified block registration for mineral resource exploration

In order to strengthen the management of mineral resource exploration, protect the legitimate rights and interests of exploration rights holders, maintain the order of mineral resource exploration, and promote mining development, in accordance with the Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China, on February 12, 1998, the State Council formulated and issued the "Measures for the Administration of Block Registration of Mineral Resource Exploration" (State Council Order No. 240 of the People's Republic of China), implementing a unified block registration management system for mineral resource exploration.

Exploration Right Setting Plan

In order to strengthen the government's macro-control of mineral exploration rights, solve the problem of unreasonable mineral exploration rights from the source, and change the mode of applicants applying for mineral exploration rights at will, our province has implemented a system of mineral exploration rights setting plans since 2006. The establishment of exploration rights shall be submitted by the municipal government of the district, reviewed by our department, and approved by the provincial government before implementation.

Registration of Establishment of Mineral Exploration Rights

It refers to the system in which the applicant for mineral exploration rights completes the registration procedures for exploration with the state and obtains the right to explore mineral resources through approval in accordance with the law. Any unit or individual exploring mineral resources must apply to the state in accordance with the law, obtain approval from the competent geological and mineral administrative department with approval authority, complete the registration procedures for exploration, obtain an exploration license, and obtain the exploration right before conducting mineral resource exploration activities. This reflects the national ownership system of mineral resources, which is a system in which the applicant obtains the legal right to use and benefit from mineral resources in accordance with the law, and the legitimate exploration right is protected by law and not infringed upon.

Registration of changes in exploration rights

The exploration right is an important civil right with specific content. When the exploration right holder obtains the exploration right, their specific rights and obligations are determined through the legal form of a license. But as the exploration work deepens, due to some subjective and objective reasons, when it is necessary to adjust the content of the exploration right license, the law allows it to be reset, but such reset must be proposed within the prescribed time limit, approved by law, and registered. In any of the following circumstances, the holder of the exploration right shall apply to the registration management authority for a change of registration during the validity period of the exploration license: (1) expanding or reducing the scope of the exploration block; (2) Changing the object of exploration work; (3) The transfer of exploration rights has been approved in accordance with the law; (4) The exploration right holder changes their name or address.

Cancellation registration of exploration rights

The process of relinquishing the exploration right by the exploration right holder, with the approval of the registration management authority, due to certain legal reasons, is called the cancellation of the exploration right. Cancellation of exploration rights is a form of termination of exploration rights. In any of the following circumstances, the holder of the exploration right shall submit a report on the completion or termination of the exploration project, a report on the investment situation, and relevant supporting documents to the registration and management authority during the validity period of the exploration license. After the registration and management authority verifies the actual exploration investment, the holder shall handle the procedures for canceling the registration of the exploration license: (1) If the exploration license expires and no renewal registration or application for retaining the exploration right is made; (2) Applying for mining rights; (3) Due to unforeseen circumstances, it is necessary to cancel the exploration project.

Continuation of exploration rights

If the exploration permit is obtained and the exploration right holder has not completed the exploration task and still needs to continue the exploration, according to the provisions of the "Measures for the Registration and Management of Mineral Resources Exploration Blocks" (State Council Decree No. 240), the extension registration procedures should be completed at the registration management authority 30 days before the expiration of the exploration permit, and each extension period shall not exceed 2 years. If the exploration right holder fails to handle the renewal procedures within the prescribed time, the exploration license shall be automatically invalidated.

Transfer of exploration rights

The transfer of mineral exploration rights refers to the act of the mineral exploration rights holder transferring the mineral exploration rights in accordance with the law, including sale, valuation and investment, cooperation, restructuring and reorganization, etc. The leasing and mortgage of exploration rights shall be managed in accordance with the conditions and procedures for the transfer of exploration rights, and shall be reviewed and approved by the original issuing authority.

Mortgage of exploration rights

Mortgage of mineral exploration rights refers to the act of the mineral exploration rights holder, as a debtor in accordance with relevant laws, providing guarantees to creditors with their mineral exploration rights without transferring possession.

Reservation of exploration rights

After the holder of the exploration right discovers the ore body that can be mined during the validity period of the exploration license, with the approval of the registration management authority, the minimum investment in the corresponding block can be stopped, and the exploration right can be applied to be retained 30 days before the expiration of the exploration license. However, except for situations where the state needs to postpone mining for the public interest or due to temporary difficulties in utilizing technological conditions. The period for retaining the exploration right shall not exceed 2 years. If an extension of the retention period is required, an application can be made twice, with each extension not exceeding 2 years. The scope of the reserved exploration right shall be the range of mineral bodies available for mining.

Mineral development

Mineral Resource Planning

The overall arrangement and layout made by a country or region in terms of time, space, and structure, based on the characteristics of national or regional mineral resources, to ensure the demand for mineral resources for national economic and social development within a certain period of time, with the goal of effectively protecting and reasonably developing mineral resources, and protecting the mining environment. Mineral resource planning is an important basis for the legal approval and supervision of mineral resource exploration and mining activities. It is a fundamental means of strengthening macroeconomic regulation, reflecting national industrial policies, and implementing the mining rights management system, and has legal effect.

Adjustment of Mineral Resource Planning

In the process of implementing mineral resource planning, due to factors such as changes in mineral resource exploration, development and utilization structure and layout, industrial policies, and economic and technological conditions, the original drafting authority shall modify some parts of the plan (excluding major indicators and overall layout) in accordance with relevant principles, propose planning adjustment plans in accordance with relevant procedures and regulations, and submit them to the original approval authority for approval. Planning adjustments are usually partial non principled changes to individual content of the plan.

Prohibited mining area

During the planning period, in accordance with national industrial policies, economic and social development, and requirements for resource and environmental protection, or special national needs, areas where mineral resource extraction is not allowed due to various factors such as economy, technology, safety, and environment. Restricted mining areas are areas where mineral resource development and utilization activities are subject to certain restrictions during the planning period, based on national industrial policies, economic and social development, resource and environmental protection requirements, or special national needs, constrained by various factors such as economy, technology, safety, and environment.

Encourage mining areas

During the planning period, regions that encourage mineral resource development and utilization activities are encouraged based on the supply-demand relationship of mineral resources, national industrial policies, relevant planning requirements, and the carrying capacity of resources and environment. Mining right refers to the right to extract mineral resources and obtain the extracted mineral products within the scope specified in the mining license obtained in accordance with the law.

Mining rights management

The land and resources management authority shall, in accordance with legal procedures, exercise administrative management over the entire process of the establishment, approval, registration, transfer, and cancellation of mining rights.

Mining area scope

It refers to the three-dimensional spatial area designated by the registration and management authority in accordance with the law for the scope of mineral resources available for mining, the distribution range of well and roadway engineering facilities, or the scope of open-pit stripping.

Transfer of mining rights

If a mining enterprise that has already obtained mining rights needs to change the subject of mining rights due to enterprise merger, division, joint venture or cooperative operation with others, or due to the sale of enterprise assets or other changes in asset ownership, it may transfer the mining rights to others for mining with legal approval.

Registration of Mining Rights Change

It refers to the process during the existence of mining rights, in which the relevant content of the mining license changes due to certain legal reasons, and the mining rights holder applies for approval and registration by the registration management authority, and changes the corresponding content of the mining license. The statutory reasons for registering changes in mining rights include: changing the scope of the mining area; Change the main mining minerals; Change the mining method; Change the name of the mining enterprise; The transfer of mining rights has been approved in accordance with the law.

Filing of Mining Right Mortgage

The act of a mining rights holder, as a debtor in accordance with relevant laws, providing guarantees to creditors with their mining rights without transferring possession. When setting up a mortgage on mining rights, the mining rights holder should go to the original issuing authority to handle the filing procedures with the mortgage contract and mining license.

Cancellation of mining rights

It refers to the process in which the mining right holder waives the mining right due to certain legal reasons and with the approval of the registration management authority. The cancellation of mining license is the act of extinguishing mining rights and ending the relationship between mining rights and obligations. The statutory reasons for the cancellation of a mining license include: failure to renew the mining license upon expiration, suspension of mining operations, and closure of mines. If the mining right holder suspends or closes the mine during or after the validity period of the mining license, they shall apply to the original issuing authority for cancellation of the mining license registration procedures within 30 days from the date of the decision to suspend or close the mine.

Revocation of mining rights

It refers to the administrative penalty imposed by the mining registration management authority to restrict or deprive the rights and capacity of mining rights holders due to their illegal activities. It is a form of legal responsibility that mining rights holders should bear because of the law.

Continuation registration of mining rights

It refers to the process in which the mining right holder mines mineral resources within the validity period specified in the mining license. When the mining right holder needs to extend the mining working hours, they can submit a written application to the registration management authority 30 days before the expiration of the mining license to extend the mining authority. If the mining license expires and it is necessary to continue mining, the mining right holder shall go to the registration management authority to handle the renewal registration procedures 30 days before the expiration of the mining license.

The "three rates" indicator for mines

The mining recovery rate, mining impoverishment rate, and beneficiation recovery rate are the main indicators for measuring and supervising the level of mineral resource development and utilization by mining rights holders, and are also important basic technical work for collecting mineral resource compensation fees.

Mine closure

Mine closure, also known as pit closure. The end of mining in a well area, pit mouth, or open-pit mining site. The conditions for the closure of a mine are: (1) the mineral resources within the pit mouth, well area, or open-pit mining area, as well as deep areas, have been discovered through geological exploration and production exploration, and their geological conclusions or exploration reports have been approved by relevant institutions; (2) All proven mineral reserves within the closed area that are available for development and utilization have been extracted, mining work has been completed, and all stored or reserved mineral reserves have been released and transported out; (3) The quantity, quality, distribution, and reasons for the loss of mineral resources due to geological or mining technology reasons have been identified, and the mineral resources have been reviewed and approved by the relevant competent authorities; (4) The mining work within the pit mouth, well area or open-pit mining area (block), middle section or platform has been completed, and the acceptance and completion work have been completed; (5) The collection and organization of geological, surveying, and mining production data that have been permanently preserved in the mine have all been completed. The plan for the development and utilization of mineral resources is one of the important contents of the mining right review. In order to strengthen the early management of mineral resource development and utilization, the mining right applicant needs to submit a technical plan to the mining registration management authority. The plan for the development and utilization of mineral resources shall be prepared in accordance with the content formulated by the Ministry of Land and Resources, including an overview, analysis of mineral product demand, overview of mineral resources, determination of main construction plans, mining of mineral deposits, beneficiation and tailings facilities, environmental protection, land reclamation, brief conclusions of the development plan, and accompanying drawings.

Paid use of mineral resources

The realization of national ownership of mineral resources in terms of economic value. According to the Chinese Constitution and Mineral Resources Law, mineral resources belong to the state. After 1984, the Chinese government successively levied resource taxes and mineral resource compensation fees (mining area usage fees), all of which are manifestations of the paid use of mineral resources. The use fees for exploration and mining rights are prerequisites for obtaining exploration and mining rights for a fee.

Tailings

One of the products of the sorting operation in mineral processing is the residual material remaining after the extraction of concentrate. The content of its useful ingredients is the lowest. Under current technological and economic conditions, tailings that are not suitable for further sorting are called final tailings. With the development of science and technology, some useful components in tailings may be further recovered or gradually widely used as building materials or filling materials during mining.

Mineral resource reserves

Mineral resource reserves

Mineral resource reserves refer to the total amount of mineral resources obtained through mineral resource exploration and feasibility evaluation.

Reserve reimbursement

Refers to the reduction of mineral reserves submitted by the original geological exploration unit due to mining or other reasons in the production mine. Mainly including: the amount of ore that has been extracted; The amount of mining losses related to mining methods and the amount of ore that cannot be recovered due to technical and geological limitations; The amount of ore reduced through production exploration due to the shrinking or thinning of ore body boundaries, or a decrease in average grade; Due to the low industrial indicators used by geological exploration units, including some mineral quantities that must be deducted due to substandard quality and thickness; And the loss of mineral reserves caused by accidents or other reasons.

Mining right price

The special concept determined for use by the mining rights registration and management authority currently refers to the equity value invested by the state in exploration and the equity value shared by the state as the owner of mineral resources. Generally, it includes the transfer of mineral rights formed by state funded exploration by the registration and management authority of mining rights, mineral rights lawfully nationalized, mining rights of risk-free or low-risk minerals, or the transfer of mining rights of mineral rights formed by state funded exploration that have not been disposed of for a fee by the mining rights holder, as well as the payment collected from the mining rights transferee or mining rights holder in accordance with the national mining rights acquisition policy.

Mining rights assessment

It refers to the service behavior and process in which mining rights appraisal institutions and registered mining rights appraisers, based on a commissioned relationship, analyze, estimate, and provide professional opinions on the agreed valuation of mining rights at a certain point in time in accordance with relevant laws and regulations on mining rights management and mining rights appraisal standards, according to specific appraisal purposes, following appraisal principles, following relevant appraisal procedures, and using appropriate appraisal methods.

Mining rights evaluation agency

It refers to a professional service organization established in accordance with the law and obtaining the qualification certificate for mineral exploration and mining rights assessment to engage in mining rights assessment business.

Registered Mining Rights Appraiser

It refers to mining rights assessment professionals who have obtained professional qualifications through the national unified examination and registered in accordance with the law. Mining rights appraisal institutions and registered mining rights appraisers are the main subjects of mining rights appraisal.

Dynamic supervision of mining reserves

Dynamic monitoring of mining reserves is an important foundational task for understanding the annual consumption of mineral resources by mining enterprises through certain technical means, providing a basis for supervising the utilization of mineral resources by mining enterprises, and mastering the geological conditions and reserve changes of mines.

Overburden mineral resources

Overburden of mineral resources refers to the inability to develop and utilize mineral resources within the scope of the construction project or the planned construction land after the implementation of a construction project or overall land use plan located separately. There are roughly three situations: (1) the construction project directly overlaps with the proven mineral resources; (2) The construction project does not directly cover the proven mineral resources, but the safety pillars reserved for it cover the proven mineral resources; (3) The construction project did not directly cover the explored mineral resources, and the safety pillars left for it did not cover the explored mineral resources. However, due to the implementation of the construction project, the surrounding mineral resources within a certain range cannot be mined. If the construction project overlaps with the mining area without affecting the normal mining of mineral resources, no covering treatment will be carried out.

Mineral Resource Reserve Registration

Mineral resource reserve registration refers to the registration of the types, quantities, quality characteristics, origins, and other relevant information of identified, occupied, residual, and overlaid mineral resource reserves by the land and resources administrative department at or above the county level. According to the "Management Measures for Registration and Statistics of Mineral Resources", the following mineral resource reserves must be registered: if the exploration right holder discovers the mineral resource reserves at different exploration stages; The applicant for mining rights applies to occupy mineral resource reserves; The mining rights holder adjusts the occupation of mineral resource reserves due to changes in the scope of the mining area, etc; There are residual or surplus mineral resource reserves after the closure or closure of the mine; Engineering construction that covers mineral resource reserves. Geological data refers to the original geological data formed in the form of text, charts, audio-visual, electromagnetic media, etc. during geological work; Geological data of achievements; Rock cores, mineral cores, various rock, mineral, and paleontological fossil specimens, as well as physical geological data such as light slides, thin sections, and samples.

Geological data submission content

Geological data of achievements: including geological reports, accompanying drawings, annexes, geological exploration permits, approval or evaluation documents, etc. In addition to submitting paper geological data, electronic documents are also required for the submission of geological data. Original geological data: including copies of various original data summary tables and original maps that should be submitted according to law; Complete directory of original data files. Physical geological data: physical geological data and physical geological catalog that should be submitted according to regulations. To submit various geological data, a copy of the "Catalogue of Geological Data Database" must be attached.

Carrying geological data involving state secrets out of the country

The mailing or transportation of geological data that belongs to state secrets out of the country must comply with the "Regulations on Prohibiting the Mailing or Illegal Transportation of State Secret Documents, Materials, and Other Items Out of the Country" issued by the State Security Administration and the General Administration of Customs. If geological data belongs to state secrets, this regulation must be followed

Geological environment

Mining 'three wastes'

Including solid phase waste, liquid phase waste, and gas phase waste. Solid phase waste includes coal gangue, fly ash, stripping waste, waste rock (slag), tailings ponds, and solid phase waste containing radioactive substances, which have four major environmental effects: land occupation, slope stability, leaching pollution, and weathering dust pollution; Liquid phase waste refers to the wastewater generated during mining exploration, mining, and washing processes; Gas phase waste refers to the waste gas naturally generated from coal seams, gangue, iron ore waste rich in pyrite components, dust caused by desertification, weathered dust from mining or waste disposal sites, underground dust, natural gas and coalbed methane spontaneous combustion, and waste gas generated from carbon dioxide gas fields.

Green mines

Under the guidance of scientific planning and the support of high-tech, a systematic project for rational development of mineral resources that not only protects the ecological environment, makes rational use of resources, but also maximizes economic benefits.

Mining Park

China's mining parks are specific spatial areas that showcase the landscape of mining relics (mainly referring to geological relics of mineral resources and relics, sites, and historical sites of exploration, mining, selection, smelting, processing, and other activities during mining production), reflect the historical connotation of mining development, have research value and educational functions, and can be visited, observed, and scientifically explored by people.

Mining Environmental Protection Planning

It is an environmental protection decision made in response to the impact of mining activities on the environment, with specific arrangements in time and space. The general term for making clear regulations on environmental protection goals, tasks, and measures within a certain period of time. Its purpose is to achieve coordinated and sustainable development of mineral resources and environmental protection. The geological environment protection plan for mines should comply with the mineral resources plan and be coordinated with the overall land use plan, geological disaster prevention and control plan, etc.

Mining Environmental Protection and Comprehensive Management Plan

The general term for evaluating the environmental problems and hazards caused by mining construction and production activities, formulating measures for mining environmental protection and governance, and adopting technical solutions such as engineering and biological methods to restore or rebuild the mining environment.

Deposit system for ecological environment restoration in mines

The mining operator shall submit a deposit in accordance with the government's regulations on the quantity and time required to fulfill the obligation of mine restoration. If the operator fulfills the obligation of mine restoration in accordance with the regulations, the government will refund the deposit; Otherwise, the government can use this fund for mining land restoration work.

Groundwater Quality Standards

The requirements for physical, chemical, and biological properties of various types of water used and discharged according to national regulations.

Sanitary standards for drinking water

It is a legal regulation of various factors (physical, chemical, and biological) related to drinking water and human health, based on the protection of the health of the population and the assurance of human quality of life. It also includes provisions on behavioral norms to achieve these values, which have been approved by relevant national departments and published in a certain form as statutory health standards.

Groundwater dynamic monitoring

In order to meet the needs of hydrogeological analysis and calculation, groundwater planning, groundwater prediction and forecasting, and other industrial and agricultural production departments, field investigations and experiments are conducted on the historical dynamics and current conditions of groundwater dynamic elements (water level, water quantity, water temperature, chemical composition, etc.), and data on groundwater dynamic elements are collected from relevant departments.

Observation of groundwater dynamics

The dynamic elements of groundwater in a region The work of selecting representative springs, wells, boreholes, etc. for observation, recording, and data organization at predetermined time intervals and technical requirements.

Groundwater resource assessment

Evaluation of the quantity and quality of groundwater resources.

Prediction of groundwater dynamics

Based on the known changes in groundwater dynamics, a certain calculation method is used to predict the future changes in groundwater dynamics.

Hydrogeology and Geology

The main research focuses on the distribution, movement, and formation laws of groundwater, the physical properties and chemical composition of groundwater, the evaluation, development, and rational utilization of groundwater resources, the adverse effects of groundwater on engineering construction and mining, and their prevention and control.

Engineering Geology

The science of investigating, researching, and solving geological problems related to human activities and various engineering constructions. The purpose of the research is to identify the geological conditions of various engineering sites, comprehensively evaluate the sites and their related geological problems, analyze and predict the possible changes and effects of geological conditions under the action of engineering construction, select the optimal site, and propose engineering measures to solve adverse geological problems, providing reliable scientific basis for ensuring the rational design, smooth construction, and normal use of the project.

Environmental Geology

Using the laws of earth science, study the processes of earth action, earth resources, earth materials, and their impact on human and biological ecological environment.

Agricultural Geology

The science of studying the geological background of agricultural growth, agricultural soil geology, and the application of agricultural mineral rocks to promote agricultural development. The main research topics include geological background, geochemistry, mineral and rock applications, and soil geology.

Tourism Geology

Tourism geology is the transformation of geological resources from the concept of a single mineral resource to the concept of tourism resources. The transformation of the utilization form of geological resources development from mining geological bodies as mineral resources to not damaging geological bodies, with their ornamental value and tourism value as the main forms of development and utilization, is called geological resource tourism resource utilization.

Urban Geology

Environmental geology is a branch of discipline that applies geological knowledge and data to plan and manage urban areas. Its main content includes the investigation and selection of construction sites, investigation of water supply conditions, prevention and treatment of ground subsidence, delineation of building materials and minerals, and disposal of waste discharge, pollution and other issues. The economic benefits of urban geological research and construction are closely related.

Geological hazards

Geological hazards

It refers to disasters related to geological processes, such as mountain collapses, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures, and ground subsidence, caused by natural factors or human activities that endanger people's lives and property safety.

Geological hazard prevention and control

It refers to the geological phenomena such as mountain collapses, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures, and ground subsidence that are caused by natural or human factors and pose a threat to people's lives and property safety. Through effective geological engineering methods, the process of these geological disasters is changed to achieve the goal of reducing or preventing the occurrence of disasters. The prevention and control of geological disasters shall be carried out in accordance with the principle of prevention first, combining avoidance and governance, and following the principles of prevention first, prevention and control combined, comprehensive planning, and comprehensive governance.

Geological hazard prevention and control plan

It is to propose the deployment and guarantee measures for geological disaster prevention and reduction work in a certain period of time in the future based on the current situation and challenges faced by geological disasters.

Geological hazard prevention and control engineering

It refers to the engineering activities of taking special geological engineering measures to control or mitigate geological disasters or hidden dangers such as mountain collapses, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures, and ground subsidence.

Supervision of Geological Disaster Management Engineering

Commissioned by the owner, the supervisory unit supervises and manages the quality, progress (duration), cost, and contractual matters of the project implementation in accordance with the contract documents.

Registration of Geological Hazard Risk Assessment for Construction Projects

To strengthen the assessment of geological hazard risks in construction projects, a record keeping system for geological hazard risk assessment results will be implemented. After the geological hazard risk assessment report is reviewed by the expert group, the assessment unit shall file it with the local land and resources administrative department within one month. Construction projects that have not undergone geological hazard risk assessment according to regulations, have not been timely or have not filed the results of geological hazard risk assessment will not be approved for feasibility study report and land approval.

Landslide

It refers to the natural phenomenon in which the soil or rock mass on a slope slides downwards along a certain weak surface or zone, either as a whole or in a dispersed manner, under the influence of factors such as river erosion, groundwater activity, earthquakes, and artificial slope cutting, under the action of gravity

Collapse

It refers to the phenomenon or process in which a rock mass or soil mass on a steep slope suddenly separates from its parent body under the action of gravity, resulting in collapse or rolling.

Debris flow

It refers to the mixed flow of soil, water and air between sediment laden flow and landslide, which is triggered by water sources such as rainstorm, ice and snow melting, and contains a lot of sand and stones on mountain valleys or mountain slopes.

Ground subsidence

It refers to the phenomenon of a decrease in ground level that occurs within a certain surface area. Ground subsidence, also known as ground subsidence or subsidence.

Ground collapse

It refers to the phenomenon or process in which the surface rock or soil mass collapses downwards due to natural or human activities, and forms sinkholes on the ground, causing disasters. The main driving factors that cause ground collapse are earthquakes, rainfall, underground excavation and mining, and large-scale pumping. Ground collapse can be divided into karst collapse, goaf collapse, and loess subsidence. ##Geological relics

Geological relics

It refers to the precious and non renewable geological natural heritage formed, developed, and left behind during the long geological history of the Earth's evolution due to internal and external geological processes. Its main types include geological and geomorphological landscapes with significant ornamental and scientific research value; Geological sections and structural features of significant value; Important ancient human sites and fossil remains of ancient organisms; Minerals, rocks, and their typical origins with special value; Water resources with special significance; Typical geological disaster relics, etc.

Geological heritage protection plan

The specific arrangement in time and space made to protect the precious and non renewable geological natural heritage formed, evolved, and left behind by internal and external geological processes during the long geological history of the Earth. Generally, it refers to the general term for making clear regulations on the protection objects, targets, measures, etc. for a certain region and a certain period of time. The content of the geological heritage protection plan includes: the distribution and protection value of the geological heritage protection area, the protection content, the target tasks of the protection area construction, the specific deployment of the protection area construction, and the basic measures of the protection area construction.

Paleontological fossils

Refers to the biological remains and activity relics formed and stored in the geological strata during the prehistoric geological history of humans, including plant, invertebrate, vertebrate and other fossils and their relic fossils. It is a testimony to the history of the Earth and a scientific basis for studying the origin and evolution of organisms.

Geological Park

A unique natural area composed mainly of geological relics landscapes with special geological scientific significance, rare natural attributes, high aesthetic value, and a certain scale and distribution range, and integrated with other natural landscapes and cultural landscapes.

Geological Heritage Protection Area

It refers to a specialized area protected by the relevant competent departments of the State Council and provincial governments for geological heritage resources formed by geological processes with certain value, mainly including representative geological profiles, geological structures, geological landscape, paleontological fossils and their heritage sites.