Surveying and Mapping Section
Surveying and Mapping Section
Overview
Surveying and mapping
The activity of measuring, collecting, and expressing the shape, size, spatial location, and attributes of natural geographic elements or surface artificial facilities, as well as processing and providing the obtained data, information, and results.
Basic surveying and mapping
Establish a unified national surveying and mapping benchmark and surveying system, conduct basic aerial photography, obtain remote sensing data of basic geographic information, measure and update national basic scale maps, image maps, and digital products, and establish and update basic geographic information systems.
Geodetic survey
The theory and technology of studying the shape, size, gravity field, and changes of the Earth, and determining various dynamics of the Earth through the establishment of regional and global three-dimensional control networks, gravity networks, and the use of satellite measurements, very long baseline interferometry, and other methods.
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Research on the use of electromagnetic wave sensors to obtain geometric and physical information of target objects, in order to determine their shape, size, spatial position, interpret their properties and relationships, and express them in the form of graphics, images, and numbers.
Map making
Research the theory and technology of information transmission, spatial cognition, projection principles, cartography synthesis, map design, compilation, replication, and establishment of map databases in maps.
Engineering surveying
Research the theory and technology of control surveying, terrain mapping, construction layout, deformation monitoring, and establishing corresponding information systems in various stages of engineering construction and natural resource development.
Marine surveying and mapping
Research the geographical distribution of natural and social information such as ocean positioning, determination of the ocean geoid and mean sea surface, seabed and sea surface topography, ocean gravity, magnetism, and marine environment, as well as the theory and technology for compiling various nautical charts.
Cadastral surveying and mapping
The technology of surveying and determining cadastral elements, preparing cadastral maps, and establishing and managing cadastral information systems.
Surveying instruments
Instruments and devices designed and manufactured for data collection, processing, and output in surveying and mapping work.
Surveying standards
A technical document issued by the competent authority on surveying and mapping technology methods, product quality, variety specifications, etc., to meet the needs of the development of surveying and mapping disciplines, rational organization of production, and unified product specifications and quality management.
Surveying and Mapping Standards
The unified regulations on the quality, specifications, and technical matters in surveying and mapping operations of surveying and mapping products.
Geodetic datum
The basic reference basis of the geodetic coordinate system includes reference ellipsoid parameters, positioning parameters, and the starting data of geodetic coordinates.
Elevation benchmark
The starting plane for measuring elevation determined by the average sea surface of a specific tidal station, and the elevation of the leveling origin determined based on this plane.
1985 National Elevation Benchmark
The elevation benchmark was established in 1987 based on the average sea surface calculated from the tidal data of Qingdao Tidal Station from 1952 to 1979.
1956 Yellow Sea Elevation Benchmark
The average sea surface determined by the Qingdao tidal station based on tidal data from 1950 to 1956 is used as the reference plane to calculate the elevation of ground points.
Geodetic coordinate system
A reference frame used to represent the position of ground points based on a reference ellipsoid.
1954 Beijing Coordinate System
The national geodetic coordinate system adopted by China in 1954 was essentially an extension of the 1942 coordinate system with Pulkovo as the origin in the former Soviet Union.
1980 Xi'an Coordinate System
In 1980, the national geodetic coordinate system adopted the basic parameters of the Earth ellipsoid as recommended by the 16th Congress of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1975, and still used the reference center coordinate system. The geodetic origin of this coordinate system is located in Yongle Town, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province, central China, about 60 kilometers northwest of Xi'an City. Therefore, it is called the Xi'an Coordinate System in 1980, also known as the Xi'an geodetic origin.
2000 National Geodetic Coordinate System
Approved by the State Council, China has been using the 2000 National Geodetic Coordinate System since July 1, 2008. The 2000 National Geodetic Coordinate System is a concrete manifestation of the global geocentric coordinate system in China. Its origin is the center of mass of the entire Earth, including the ocean and atmosphere. The Z-axis points from the origin towards the Earth's reference pole at epoch 2000.0, and the X-axis points from the origin towards the intersection of the Greenwich Reference Meridian and the Earth's equatorial plane (epoch 2000.0). The Y-axis, Z-axis, and X-axis form a right-handed orthogonal coordinate system.
WGS-84 coordinate system
The WGS-84 coordinate system is an internationally adopted geocentric coordinate system. The coordinate origin is the center of mass of the Earth, and the axis of its geocentric Cartesian coordinate system points in the direction of the Protocol Earth Pole (CTP) defined by BIH (International Time) 1984. The axis is adjusted to the intersection of the zero meridian plane of BIH 1984.0 and the CTP equator, and the Y-axis is perpendicular to the Z-axis and X-axis to form a right-handed coordinate system, known as the 1984 World Geodetic Coordinate System.
Independent coordinate system
Randomly select the origin and coordinate axis in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Map Projection
The method of projecting points and lines on a reference ellipsoid onto a plane according to certain mathematical rules.
Landform
The general term for the undulating morphology of the Earth's surface.
Land cover
Various fixed objects on the surface of the Earth can be divided into natural features and artificial features.
Terrain
The general term for topography and land features.
Map scale
The ratio of the length of a certain line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground.
Map elements
Construct the basic content on the map. Divided into mathematical elements, geographical elements, and decorative elements.
Topographic map
A common map that represents the location of land features, landform planes, and basic geographical elements on the surface of the earth, with elevations represented by contour lines.
Cadastral map
A map that describes the location, ownership, quantity, and quality of land and its attachments.
Nautical chart
A map primarily depicting the ocean.
Administrative division map
A map displaying the level and scope of administrative jurisdiction division.
Digital line drawing (DLG)
A vector dataset of map features that is essentially consistent with existing lines, and preserves the spatial relationships and related attribute information between each feature.
Digital orthophoto map (DOM)
A set of digital orthophoto images generated by digital differential correction and tiling of aerial (or aerospace) photographs, cropped within a certain range of image frames. It is an image with both map geometric accuracy and image features.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
A digital file defined on discrete points (rectangles or triangles) in the x and y domains to express the shape of ground undulations in elevation.
Digital Grid Map (DRG)
After scanning, geometric correction, and color correction of existing paper, film, and other topographic maps, a raster dataset is formed that maintains consistency with the topographic map in terms of content, geometric accuracy, and color.
Geodetic astronomical survey
Geodetic measurement that uses instruments to observe celestial bodies and determine the longitude, latitude, and azimuth of ground points.
Spatial geodesy
Using modern technologies such as laser and space technology to observe artificial or natural celestial bodies and conduct high-precision geodetic measurements of ground targets on a global or regional scale.
Satellite geodesy
Geodesy conducted using artificial satellites.
Leveling measurement
The measurement method of determining the height difference between two points based on the principle of horizontal line of sight using a level and a leveling ruler.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
With the support of computer software and hardware, a technical system that inputs, stores, retrieves, updates, displays, maps, and comprehensively analyzes various geographic information in a certain format according to spatial distribution. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a new generation of space satellite navigation and positioning system jointly developed by the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force in the 1970s. It consists of 24 satellites covering the world. This system can ensure that at any time, four satellites can be observed simultaneously at any point on Earth, to ensure that the satellites can collect the latitude, longitude, and altitude of the observation point for navigation, positioning, timing, and other functions.
Remote Sensing (RS)
A science and technology that uses a certain sensor device to obtain characteristic information (usually reflected radiation and emitted radiation of electromagnetic waves) of the studied object without direct contact, and extracts, processes, expresses, and applies this information.
Surveying and Mapping Administrative License
Surveying and Mapping Qualification Approval
All units engaged in surveying and mapping activities must obtain a "Surveying and Mapping Qualification Certificate" and engage in surveying and mapping activities within the scope of their qualification level license. Surveying qualifications are divided into four levels: A, B, C, and D. Among them, Class A surveying and mapping qualifications include Class A (special) and Class A. The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping is the A-level surveying and mapping qualification review authority, responsible for accepting, reviewing, and issuing the "Surveying and Mapping Qualification Certificate" for A-level surveying and mapping qualifications. The administrative departments in charge of surveying and mapping under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government are the review agencies for surveying and mapping qualifications at the B, C, and D levels, responsible for accepting, reviewing, and issuing Surveying and Mapping Qualification Certificates.
Establish a relatively independent plane coordinate system for approval
A relatively independent plane coordinate system refers to a plane coordinate system established from any point and direction to meet the needs of large-scale mapping and engineering surveying in local areas, or a plane coordinate system established on the basis of a unified national coordinate system through central meridian projection transformation, translation, rotation, etc. If it is necessary to establish a relatively independent plane coordinate system for cities with a population of over 500000 and major national engineering projects included in the national plan, the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping shall be responsible for approval. If it is necessary to establish a relatively independent plane coordinate system for cities with a population of less than 500000 and large-scale engineering projects included in provincial plans, the provincial, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the central government's surveying and mapping administrative department (hereinafter referred to as the provincial surveying and mapping administrative department) shall be responsible for approval. A city can only establish a relatively independent plane coordinate system. The establishment of a relatively independent plane coordinate system should be linked to the national coordinate system. Permanent surveying markers for demolition approval refer to wooden targets, steel targets, and stone markers of various levels of triangulation points, baseline points, traverse points, military control points, gravity points, astronomical points, leveling points, and global satellite positioning points, as well as fixed markers and seabed facilities used for topographic mapping, engineering surveying, and deformation surveying. The approval work for the demolition of permanent surveying markers shall be subject to a hierarchical management system. The application materials for permanent surveying markers approved by the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping shall be forwarded to the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping by the Provincial Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. The Provincial Surveying and Mapping Bureau is responsible for national grade III and IV triangulation points, traverse points (or equivalent level control points); National third and fourth class benchmark points; C. The approval work for the demolition of permanent measurement markers such as D-level satellite positioning points and military control points, and the supervision and inspection of the demolition work of permanent measurement markers within the administrative area of this province. The surveying and mapping administrative departments of the city and county people's governments are responsible for the approval of the demolition of permanent surveying markers below the above-mentioned levels, and supervise and inspect the protection of permanent surveying markers within their administrative areas. If it involves the approval of military control point demolition, the consent of the military surveying and mapping department should also be obtained.
Qualification approval of surveying and measurement verification personnel
Surveying and mapping metrological verification personnel refer to professional technical personnel employed by surveying and mapping metrological verification institutions to engage in non mandatory surveying and mapping metrological verification work. Surveying and mapping metrological verification personnel must be assessed and certified by the provincial or above surveying and mapping administrative department, and obtain the "Metrological Verification Personnel Certificate" before engaging in surveying and mapping metrological verification work. The preparation and approval of national teaching maps for primary and secondary schools shall be organized and approved by the education administrative department of the State Council in conjunction with the surveying and mapping administrative department of the State Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Local teaching maps for primary and secondary schools can be reviewed and approved by the education administrative departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government in conjunction with the departments responsible for managing surveying and mapping work of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. No publishing unit shall publish unapproved teaching maps for primary and secondary schools. The administrative department in charge of map review and surveying shall approve public maps in accordance with the law based on the applications of map submission units and individuals (hereinafter referred to as applicants). The provincial surveying and mapping administrative department is responsible for reviewing maps within its administrative area.
Approval for providing surveying and mapping results that belong to state secrets to the outside world
The so-called provision of surveying and mapping results to foreign countries refers to the provision of surveying and mapping results to foreign legal persons or other organizations that are joint ventures or cooperative with domestic units. The provision of surveying and mapping results that belong to state secrets to the outside world shall be subject to the approval procedures prescribed by the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and shall be submitted to the competent surveying and mapping administrative department of the State Council or the competent surveying and mapping administrative department of the people's government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government for approval; The administrative department in charge of surveying and mapping shall solicit the opinions of relevant military departments before approval. If a legal person or other organization needs to use basic surveying and mapping results that belong to state secrets, it shall specify the purpose and scope of use and report to the surveying and mapping administrative department in the location of the surveying and mapping results for approval. If the administrative department in charge of surveying and mapping approves the review, it shall inform the confidentiality level, confidentiality requirements, and relevant copyright protection requirements of the surveying and mapping results in writing. According to relevant national regulations, the classification of surveying and mapping results is divided into three levels: "top secret", "confidential", and "secret". The approval for copying, transferring or lending surveying and mapping results shall be provided to the society by the surveying and mapping administrative department of the people's government at or above the county level; Other surveying and mapping results completed by national investment shall be provided to the society by the owners of the surveying and mapping results. Without the consent of the owner of the surveying and mapping results, no unit or individual may copy, transfer or lend the surveying and mapping results without authorization. If it is necessary to copy confidential surveying and mapping results, they should be managed according to the original confidentiality level.
Measurement markers
Measurement markers
The general term for markers, sights, and other markings used to mark the position of ground control points.
Permanent measurement markers
Wooden, steel, and stone markers for triangulation points, baseline points, traverse points, military control points, gravity points, astronomical points, leveling points, and global satellite positioning points at various levels, as well as fixed markers and seabed geodetic facilities for topographic mapping, engineering surveying, and deformation measurement.
Temporary measurement markers
Signs and markers set up and used by surveying units during the surveying process, which do not need to be stored for a long time after the work is completed, such as wooden stakes at surveying stations, activity observation markers, surveying flags, surveying poles, aerial photography ground markers, markers on the ground or buildings (structures), etc.
Commissioned custody of measurement markers
At present, the country implements a mandatory custody system for measurement markers.
Satellite positioning permanent tracking station
A permanent ground observation station that continuously tracks and receives satellite signals over a long period of time.
GPS control point
GPS control points are divided into A-grade GPS points, B-grade GPS points, C-grade GPS points, D-grade GPS points, and E-grade GPS points.
Triangle point
On the surface of the Earth, a series of points are selected according to measurement standards, and triangles with these points as vertices are connected to form a triangular network (lock). Permanent measurement markers are set on the points for observation, and these points are collectively referred to as triangular points. Triangular points are classified into first, second, third, and fourth order based on their side lengths.
Benchmark point
The elevation control point markers buried during elevation control measurement. Leveling measurement is divided into levels one, two, three, and four according to different accuracies.